PV stands for Photovoltaic; one of the main methods for capturing the sun's energy is through the use of photovoltaic. PV utilize the sun's photons or light to create electricity. PV technologies rely on the photoelectric effect first described by French physicist Edmund Becquerel in 1839.

The photoelectric effect occurs when a beam of UV light, composed of photons (quantized packets of energy), strike one part of a pair of negatively charged metal plates. This causes electrons to be "liberated" from the negatively charged plate. These free electrons are then attracted to the other plate by electrostatic forces. This flowing of electrons is an electrical current. This electron flow can be gathered in the form of direct current (DC). This DC can then be inverted into alternating current (AC), which is the electrical power that is most commonly used in buildings.

There are essentially two types of PV technology, crystalline and thin-film. Crystalline can again be broken down into two types:

• Monocrystalline Cells - These are made using cells cut from a single cylindrical crystal of silicon. While monocrystalline cells offer the highest efficiency (approximately 18% conversion of incident sunlight), their complex manufacturing process makes them slightly more expensive.
• Polycrystalline Cells - These are made by cutting micro-fine wafers from ingots of molten and recrystallized silicon. Polycrystalline cells are cheaper to produce, but there is a slight compromise on efficiency (approximately 14% conversion of incident sunlight).

A PV system is made up of different components. These include PV modules (groups of PV cells), Which are commonly called PV panels; one or more batteries; a charge regulator or controller for a stand-alone system; a Solar inverter for a utility-grid-connected system and when alternating current (AC) rather than direct current (DC) is required; wiring; and mounting hardware or a framework.

Majority of electrical equipment’s used for domestic/commercial/Industrial purposes are of AC system. So, it is necessary to convert solar power generated at DC system to AC system. A Solar inverter will convert DC to AC system. Jyoty Solar Power make use of PWM & MPPT range of inverters for it Solar Power System.

• Grid Connected – These systems have no storage other than the grid itself. Any excess electricity is fed back into the grid. At night, or during times of intense cloud cover, the building draws on power from the grid.
• Hybrid (Grid tied with storage) – These systems are grid connected, but also have some storage capacity by way of a small battery bank. They provide some measure of continuity when the grid goes down at the same time as there is not sufficient solar input. This can be installed on your shadow free Rooftop.
• Off-grid – These systems are suited to remote locations where a grid connection is not available. The battery bank is sized to provide a certain number of days of storage and the building draws on this store during the night or during days of intense cloud cover.

Solar PV systems can be used to power your entire home’s electrical systems. Including lights, cooling systems, and appliances.

PV systems can be blended into virtually every conceivable structure for commercial buildings for power generation. You will find PV being used outdoors for security lighting as well as in structures that serve as covers for parking lots and bus shelters, generating power at the same time.

Identifying the Solar Power plant size for your domestic or commercial premises depends on the following factors:

• Wattage of appliances to be run on Solar
• Monthly energy consumption from these appliances.
• Energy Backup or Days of Autonomy required
• Roof space available for plant setup

Based on these factors, the power plant sizing can be accordingly done at your end.

Several aspects will need to be evaluated to determine if your home is a good solar site, such as orientation, space available, shadows on the space available and your current electricity usage. The best site will be one with adequate south-facing roofs that have no shade. Variations on that will cut into the productivity of the system.

In fog, marine layer, or June gloom your system will still produce about 25-30% of normal. A steady rain cuts production but is great for cleaning your panels.

Yes, a solar panel does produce electricity even when it is not placed in bright sunlight. On a normal cloudy day there is always enough solar irradiance, by which the panel will produce electricity. However, the production of electricity is not as high as when the panels are placed in bright sunlight. So even on a cloudy day your panel will produce electricity.

A PV system that is designed, installed, and maintained well will operate for more than 20 years. The basic PV module (interconnected, enclosed panel of PV cells) has no moving parts and can last more than 30 years. The best way to ensure and extend the life and effectiveness of your PV system is by having it installed and maintained properly.

Experience has shown that most problems occur because of poor or sloppy system installation. Failed connections, insufficient wire size, components not rated for dc application, and so on, are the main culprits. The next most common cause of problems is the failure of the electronic parts in the balance of systems (BOS): the controller, inverter, and protection components.

It's almost laughable how easy maintenance is for PV modules. Because they have no moving parts, they are virtually maintenance free. Basically, you need to keep them clean. Most of the time, rain cleans them off. If it rains irregularly or if the birds leave their calling cards, hose the modules down. Do not hose them off when they're hot, since uneven thermal shock could theoretically break the glass. Wash them in the morning or evening.

The largest market for PV today is in developing countries, in village power and remote communications systems (estimates indicate that more than 2 billion people world wide have no access to conventional electric power; if they have electricity, they use batteries or diesel generators). There are projections of large markets for utility grid support and for building-integrated PV systems in developed countries.

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